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<p>The <b>Point Four Program</b> was a technical assistance program for "<a href="Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>" announced by United States President <a href="Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in his <a href="Inaugural_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Inaugural address">inaugural address</a> on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was the fourth <a href="Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> objective mentioned in the speech.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>By 1947 the United States found itself in a <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> struggle against the <a href="USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. With White House assistants <a href="Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a> and <a href="George_Elsey" title="George Elsey">George Elsey</a> and State Department official Ben Hardy taking the lead, the Truman administration came up with the idea for a technical assistance program as a means to win the "hearts and minds" of the <a href="Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> after countries from the Middle East, Latin America, Asia and Africa had complained about the emphasis on European aid by the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-paterson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paterson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By sharing American know-how in various fields, especially agriculture, industry and health, officials could help "<a href="Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">third world</a>" nations—i.e., those not aligned with <a href="NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> nor the Soviets—on the development path, raise the standard of living, and show that democracy and capitalism could provide for the welfare of the individual. In his inauguration speech on January 20, 1949, President Truman stated the fourth objective of his foreign policy as follows:

</p>

<p>"we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas.

More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve suffering of these people. The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques. The material resources which we can afford to use for assistance of other peoples are limited. But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are inexhaustible"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Truman denied that this was a colonial venture to dominate other countries. Rather, he insisted, "The old imperialism—exploitation for foreign profit—has no place in our plans. What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair-dealing. All countries, including our own, will greatly benefit from a constructive program for the better use of the world’s human and natural resources."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This was not a call for economic aid—on the order of the <a href="Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, ⁣⁣but for the US to share its "know-how" and help nations develop with technical assistance. There was bipartisan support, led by Republican Congressman <a href="Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Christian A. Herter</a> of Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Point Four was the first global U.S. foreign aid program, yet it drew some inspiration from the nation's wartime <a href="Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs" title="Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs">Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs</a> (OCIAA), which extended technical assistance to Latin American countries. <a href="Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, the administrator of the OCIAA, strongly supported the establishment of Point Four in congressional hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to the US Secretary of State <a href="Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>, it was the initiative of the then legal counsel to the president <a href="Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a>, who suggested to president Truman to initiate an assistance on a worldwide basis, and to include the issue in his inaugural address.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="Robert_Schlesinger" title="Robert Schlesinger">Robert Schlesinger</a>'s book, <i>White House Ghosts</i>, it was Chief Public Affairs Officer Benjamin H. Hardy who first came up with the concept. After the suggestion was as good as lost in the foggy miasma of the State Department's bureaucracy, Hardy decided to bring the idea to the attention of Truman aide, George Elsey. Elsey and Clifford went on to herald the abstraction into policy. Hardy eventually left the Department of State and became the new Technical Cooperation Administration's Chief Information Officer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

<p>In order to implement the program, on February 9, 1949, a new committee was established within the Department of State, known as the Technical Assistance Group, chaired by Samuel Hayes. The program was approved by Congress on June 5, 1950, in the Foreign Economic Assistance Act, which allotted to the program a budget of $25,000,000 for fiscal year 1950/51.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing the new program, Truman noted that, "Communist propaganda holds that the free nations are incapable of providing a decent standard of living for the millions of people in under-developed areas of the earth. The Point Four program will be one of our principal ways of demonstrating the complete falsity of that charge."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After Congressional approval on October 27, 1950, the Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA) was established within the Department of State to run the Point Four program and the OCIAA became incorporated into the new organization.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Henry_G._Bennett" title="Henry G. Bennett">Henry G. Bennett</a> was the first TCA administrator from 1950 to 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The program was carried out with the countries whose governments concluded bilateral agreements with the US government regarding aid under the program, and the TCA established field missions within those countries, which worked to improve agricultural output and distributed technical know-how on improving the economy in general. The first government to do so was the government of <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, on October 19, 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Point Four Program was different from other programs in that it was not confined to any specific region; it was extended to countries such as Pakistan, Israel, and Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> (AUB) also received funding from the Point Four program to expand its operations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Among the first nations to gain extensive technical assistance was India. From 1950 to 1951 India saw the implementation of a penicillin plantation, an increase in schools and medical research facilities as well as dam construction. In addition to economic assistance, India also agreed to maintain a democratic government. U.S. Officials hoped this would prevent India forming alliances with the Soviet Union and China.<sup id="cite_ref-macekura_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macekura-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Republican President <a href="Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> discarded the Point Four name in favor of simply referring to it as a 'technical assistance program', and reorganized the TCA into the Foreign Operations Administration; its successor agencies include the <a href="International_Cooperation_Administration" title="International Cooperation Administration">International Cooperation Administration</a> and the present-day <a href="United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">Agency for International Development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_of_the_program">Legacy of the program</h2></div>

<p>The Point Four Program was the first US plan designed to improve social, economic and political conditions in 'underdeveloped' nations. It marked the promotion of international development policy to the center of the U.S. Foreign Policy framework.<sup id="cite_ref-macekura_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macekura-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although designed to uplift nations, the program's legacy was one of self-interest as America improved their imports of strategical raw materials, without significantly alleviating the partnered nations of deprivation.<sup id="cite_ref-paterson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paterson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-war climate and rising threat of communism alongside lack of investment from both congress and American businessmen led to the faltering of the Point Four Program.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Locke_Mission" title="Locke Mission">Locke Mission</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1972" class="citation journal cs1">Paterson, Thomas G. (1972). "Foreign Aid under Wraps: The Point Four Program". <i>The Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>. <b>56</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>126. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4634774">4634774</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Text of the Speech in <i>Department of State Bulletin</i>, January 30, 1949, p. 123</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTruman" class="citation web cs1">Truman, Harry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/50yr_archive/inagural20jan1949.htm">"Truman's Inaugural Address, January 20, 1949"</a>. <i>Harry S. Truman Library and Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLemelin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lemelin, Bernard (2001). "An International Republican in a Time of Waning Bipartisanship: Congressman Christian A. Herter of Massachusetts and the Point Four Program, 1949–1950". <i>New England Journal of History</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>90.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCARLYLE_BEYER1950" class="citation journal cs1">CARLYLE BEYER, ROBERT (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4192&context=umlr">"POINT FOUR AND LATIN AMERICA"</a>. <i>Miami Law Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 472. <q>Nelson Rockefeller, equally Latin American minded, repeated many times the idea expressed in his testimony here, that 'Against that background [of world economic interdependence] I don't think one could say that technical cooperation with other countries, either in public health or in agriculture or in education, could be anything but basically sound and essential...'</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAcheson1969" class="citation book cs1">Acheson, Dean (1969). <i><a href="Present_at_the_Creation%3A_My_Years_in_the_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department">Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department</a></i>. New York: <a href="W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>. p. 265. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-393-30412-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2008" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Robert (2008). <i>White House Ghosts: Presidents and Their Speechwriters</i>. New York: <a href="Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>63. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7432-9169-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Truman Library – Benjamin H. Hardy Papers." <i>Harry S. Truman Library and Museum</i>. Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/hardybh.htm">http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/hardybh.htm</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Point Four Program" <i>Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge,</i> volume 15, (1991), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7172-5300-7</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1950/09/09/archives/texts-of-truman-orders-to-implement-point-4-plan-the-statement-fund.html">"Texts of Truman Orders to Implement Point 4 Plan; THE STATEMENT Fund Already Set Aside THE EXECUTIVE ORDER"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 9 September 1950. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/111540762">111540762</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFErb1985" class="citation journal cs1">Erb, Claude C. (July 1985). "Prelude to Point Four: The Institute of Inter-American Affairs". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>269. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1985.tb00535.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1985.tb00535.x</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/bennett.htm">"Biographical Sketch"</a>. <i>Harry S. Truman Library and Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShannon2017" class="citation book cs1">Shannon, Matthew K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9I6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1801"><i>Losing Hearts and Minds: American-Iranian Relations and International Education during the Cold War</i></a>. Cornell UP. p. 1801. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5017-1234-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2004" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Philip (2004). <i>A History of Jordan</i>. Cambridge: <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-59895-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myntti, Cynthia, Rami Zurayk, and Mounir Mabsout. "Beyond the Walls: The American University of Beirut Engages Its Communities." In <i>Towards an Arab Higher Education Space : International Challenges and Social Responsibilities : Proceedings of the Arab Regional Conference on Higher Education, Cairo, 31 May, 1–2 June 2009</i>, 603–19. Cairo, Egypt, 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-macekura-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macekura_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macekura_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMacekura2013" class="citation journal cs1">Macekura, Stephen (May 2013). "The Point Four Program and U.S. International Development Policy". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>128</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">127–</span>160. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpolq.12000">10.1002/polq.12000</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23563372">23563372</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHinman1966" class="citation book cs1">Hinman, E. Harold (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqUwAAAAIAAJ"><i>World Eradication of Infectious Diseases</i></a>. C. C. Thomas.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1988" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Thomas G. (1988). <i>Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan</i>. New York: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-504533-8</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62325745">62325745</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBose1965" class="citation journal cs1">Bose, Tarun C. (January 1965). "The Point Four Programme: a Critical Study". <i>International Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>97. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002088176500700103">10.1177/002088176500700103</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153610906">153610906</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLemelin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lemelin, Bernard (2001). "An International Republican in a Time of Waning Bipartisanship: Congressman Christian A. Herter of Massachusetts and the Point Four Program, 1949–1950". <i>New England Journal of History</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>90.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMacekura2013" class="citation journal cs1">Macekura, Stephen (May 2013). "The Point Four Program and U.S. International Development Policy". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>128</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">127–</span>160. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpolq.12000">10.1002/polq.12000</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23563372">23563372</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcVety2008" class="citation journal cs1">McVety, Amanda Kay (June 2008). "Pursuing Progress: Point Four in Ethiopia". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>32</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">371–</span>403. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2008.00698.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00698.x</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1972" class="citation journal cs1">Paterson, Thomas G. (1972). "Foreign Aid under Wraps: The Point Four Program". <i>The Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>. <b>56</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>126. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4634774">4634774</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPursell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pursell, Carroll (1999). "The hoe or the tractor? Appropriate technology and American technical aid after World War II". <i>Icon</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">90–</span>99. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23786078">23786078</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, Thomas (2019). "'Front line of the Cold War': The U.S. and Point Four development programs in Nepal, 1950–1953". <i>Studies in Nepali History and Society</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>71.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShively2018" class="citation journal cs1">Shively, Jacob (3 July 2018). "'Good Deeds Aren't Enough': Point Four in Iran, 1949–1953". <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">413–</span>431. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2018.1491444">10.1080/09592296.2018.1491444</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158564785">158564785</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWarne1956" class="citation book cs1">Warne, William E. (1956). <i>Mission for Peace: Point 4 in Iran</i>. Bobbs-Merrill. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/680901641">680901641</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1951" class="citation thesis cs1">Doyle, George A (1951). <i>The 'Point Four' Program: Its Position in the History of International Investment and a Consideration of the Economies of Brazil and Venezuela</i> (Thesis). <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1160178691">1160178691</a>. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2130169565">2130169565</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBingham1954" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Jonathan B. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shirtsleevediplo00bing"><i>Shirt-sleeve Diplomacy: Point 4 in Action</i></a>. J. Day Company. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/584139653">584139653</a>.</cite></li>

<li><i>Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949</i>, vol. I, pp. 757–788 (diplomatic documents on the program); pp. 846–874; pp. 1641–1665</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKanbur2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kanbur, Ravi (November 2003). "The Economics of International Aid". <i>Dyson School Working Papers</i>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F58018">1813/58018</a>.</cite> & <cite id="CITEREFKanbur2006" class="citation book cs1">Kanbur, Ravi (2006). "The economics of international aid". <i>Applications</i>. Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity. Vol. 2. pp. <span class="nowrap">1559–</span>1588. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1574-0714%2806%2902026-4">10.1016/S1574-0714(06)02026-4</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-444-52145-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Point Four Program</i>. Its Publication 3347. Economic cooperation series,23. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 1949. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951p010925273">2027/umn.31951p010925273</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1278970">1278970</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/point4.htm">Guide to Papers on Point Four Programs</a>, Truman Library</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/online-collections/point-four-program?section=1">Documents section on Point Four Program at the Truman Presidential Library</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mises.org/books/illusions_of_point_four_hazlitt.pdf">Henry Hazlitt, <i>Illusions of Point Four</i> (New York, 1950), a critical book about Point Four Program</a></li></ul>

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